Laparoscopy is a surgery that uses a thin, lighted tube put through a cut (incision) in the belly to look at the abdominal organs or the female pelvic organs . Laparoscopy is used to find problems such as cysts, adhesions, fibroids , and infection. Tissue samples can be taken for biopsy through the tube (laparoscope).

• Gall Stones : Gallstones can vary in size and number and may or may not cause symptoms.

« Pain areas : In the area between shoulder blades, back, side part of the body, or upper-right abdomen

« Pain types : Can be mild or severe

« Pain circumstances : can occur at night

« Gastrointestinal : indigestion, nausea, passing excessive amounts of gas, or vomiting

« Abdominal : cramping from gallstones or discomfort

• Appendix : Appendicitis begins with fever and pain near the belly button and then moves toward the lower right side of the abdomen. This is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever and chills.

Appendicitis is usually treated with antibiotics and surgery is required within 24 hours of its diagnosis. If untreated, the appendix can rupture and cause an abscess or systemic infection (sepsis).

• Hernia : Typically, a hernia involves the stomach or intestine.

Symptoms include a bulge, swelling or pain. In some cases, there are no symptoms.

Treatment includes monitoring the condition. If needed, surgery can return tissue to its normal location and close the opening.

Acute conditions are severe and sudden in onset. This could describe anything from a broken bone to an asthma attack. A chronic condition, by contrast is a long-developing syndrome, such as osteoporosis or asthma. Note that osteoporosis, a chronic condition, may cause a broken bone, an acute condition.

• Fistula : An abnormal connection between organs.

⇒ Arteriovenous fistula :- An abnormal connection between an artery and a vein.

⇒ Anal fistula :- An infected tunnel between the skin and the anus.

⇒ Obstetric fistula :- An abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina.

• Piles : Piles are usually caused from straining during bowel movements, obesity, or pregnancy.

Discomfort is a common symptom, especially during bowel movements or when sitting. Other symptoms include itching and bleeding.

A high-fibre diet can be effective, along with over-the-counter medications, such as stool softeners. In some cases, a medical procedure to remove the haemorrhoid may be needed to provide relief.

• Breast Cancer & Swelling : Breast cancer can occur in women and rarely in men.

Symptoms of breast cancer include a lump in the breast, bloody discharge from the nipple and changes in the shape or texture of the nipple or breast.

Its treatment depends on the stage of cancer. It may consist of chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy and surgery.

Premenstrual breast swelling and tenderness is a common concern among women. The symptom is part of a group of symptoms called premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. Premenstrual breast swelling and tenderness can also be a sign of fibrocystic breast disease. Fibrocystic breast disease is a term used to describe painful, lumpy breasts prior to the menstrual period.

• Thyroid Swellings : Abnormal enlargement of the butterfly-shaped gland below the Adam's apple (thyroid).

  A goiter commonly develops as a result of iodine deficiency or inflammation of the thyroid gland.

  Not all goiters cause symptoms. Symptoms that do occur might include swelling and cough. Rarely, symptoms may include throat tightness or trouble breathing.

  A small goiter that doesn't cause symptoms may not need treatment. In some cases, medication or surgery is needed.

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• Head : The initial injury can cause brain tissue to swell. In addition, broken pieces of bone can rupture blood vessels in any part of the head. The body's response to the injury may also increase swelling. They occur when blood vessels anywhere in the brain rupture.
• Neck : The most common lumps or swellings are enlarged lymph nodes. These can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, cancer (malignancy), or other rare causes. Swollen salivary glands under the jaw may be caused by infection or cancer. Lumps in the muscles of the neck are caused by injury or torticollis.
• Groin : The most common cause for pain or swelling in the groin – the area between the abdomen and thigh – is a hernia. This type of hernia is more specifically called an inguinal hernia, and it occurs when part of the small intestine bulges through a weak area in the lower abdominal muscles.

• Liver : Surgery to remove part of the liver is called partial hepatectomy. This operation is considered for a single tumor that has not grown into blood vessels. It is only an option in patients with good liver function who are healthy enough for surgery. Unfortunately, most liver cancers cannot be completely removed.
• Gall Bladder & Pancreas : Laparoscopic gallbladder surgery (cholecystectomy) removes the gallbladder and gallstones through several small cuts (incisions) in the abdomen. The surgeon inflates your abdomen with air or carbon dioxide in order to see clearly. ... You will need general anesthesia for this surgery, which usually lasts 2 hours or less.

• Endoscopy : Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a person's digestive tract. Using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, your doctor can view pictures of your digestive tract on a color TV monitor.

• Childhood Hernia & Abdominal Pain : Many people are surprised to learn that hernias are fairly common in kids. Babies (especially preemies) can even be born with them.

When part of an organ or tissue in the body (such as a loop of intestine) pushes through an opening or weak spot in a muscle wall, it can protrude into a space where it does not belong. This protrusion is a hernia, which may look like a bulge or lump.

In many infant and childhood hernias, the herniated tissues may protrude only during moments of physical pressure or strain. A prominent bulge might only be noticeable when a child is crying, coughing, or straining, and it may seem to retract or go away at other times. Hernias in this state are called reducible and are not immediately harmful.

• Operations for Cancer of Intestine & Rectum : A cancer of the colon or rectum, located at the lower end of the digestive tract.

Colorectal cancer symptoms depend on the size and location of the cancer. Some commonly experienced symptoms include changes in bowel habits, changes in stool consistency, blood in the stool and abdominal discomfort.

In many infant and childhood hernias, the herniated tissues may protrude only during moments of physical pressure or strain. A prominent bulge might only be noticeable when a child is crying, coughing, or straining, and it may seem to retract or go away at other times. Hernias in this state are called reducible and are not immediately harmful.